制止孟山都盜竊大豆種質的生物海盜行徑——來自海外的警報

　　孟山都公司將獲得“大豆植株 適應氣候變化和抗病的生物學多樣性特征識別”這個可恥的海盜專利。

　　位于慕尼黑的歐洲專利局(EPO)擬于2014-2-26授予孟山都公司一項專利權：“大豆植株特定區域適應氣候變化和抗病的生物學多樣性特征篩選【譯者注：疑為篩選DNA片段】”(EP08742297) 。

　　該植物群包括來自亞洲和澳洲的野生品種與栽培品種，將能夠在多種環境條件下表現高產。該專利陳述表明，250多個罕見品種被篩選，以尋找其中包含的與氣候適應和成熟期變化相關的【生物多樣性】。孟山都公司聲稱，數百個代表氣候適應性的不同基因DNA片段將要用在今后對傳統大豆的育種中。

　　這個無恥的專利，由歐洲專利局(EPO)率先批準，聲稱將適用于美國、加拿大、中國和南非。在美國商業化種植的大豆，70%以上屬于下列6個品種之一：中華種，滿洲種，中華渥太華種，李奇蘭種，AK種，Mukda 種。

　　狹窄的遺傳基礎使得大豆在栽培上易于遭受病蟲害。孟山都公司試圖以專利篩選大豆遺傳多樣性手段，壟斷亞洲的大豆生物多樣性。

　　亞洲是大豆的故鄉。孟山都所謂的“罕見”品種都是亞洲本土品種。美國農業部官員托米.卡特說過：“中國農民馴化大豆已有3000年到5000年，如果我們能搞明白古代中國農民是怎么干的，我們就能用類似技術從亞洲野生品種的實驗中干得更棒。”

　　見：http://cornandsoybeandigest.com/soybeans/genetic-diversity-offers-new-take-old-bean

　　這個盜竊大豆的生物物種資源案件，只不過是盜竊印度小麥物種資源案件的翻版。“科技與生態研究基金會”曾經會同其他組織一起挑戰了歐洲專利局(EPO)，迫使撤銷該專利。盜竊大豆種質資源的專利，同樣也應當被撤銷。

　　孟山都以及另外四家基因公司巨頭已經拿到至少1500種農作物適應氣候的(基因)專利(根據“竊取適應氣候變化農作物的生物海盜，科技與環境研究基金會)。印度專利局曾經拒絕過孟山都有關氣候變化農作物的專利。

　　歐洲專利局應該學習印度，停止對生物海盜行為頒發專利權。

　　美國政府應該停止對生物盜竊行為頒發專利，不給無謂和微不足道的基因修飾頒發專利，應該停止對印度拒絕專利采用貿易報復威脅。

　　在TRIPs談判中，對孟山都保護法的審查至今還未完成。大多數國家已經提出停止頒發生命專利、制止生物海盜行徑的要求，國際社會應該立即采取行動了!

　　原文

　　Monsanto’s Soybean Biopiracy

　　Patent granted on screening biodiversity in soybean plants for climate adaption and disease resistance

　　26 February 2014 Munich. Today the European Patent Office in Munich (EPO) is granting a patent for Monsanto on screening and selecting for soybean plants being adapted to certain climate zones (EP08742297).

　　The plants are supposed to show a higher yield under various environmental conditions. The soybeans concerned are wild and cultivated species stemming from Asia and Australia. According to the patent more than 250 plants stemming from “exotic” species were screened for biodiversity in climate adaption and variations in maturity. The usage of hundreds of DNA sequences representing genetic variations are claimed by Monsanto for future conventional breeding in soybeans.

　　The patent is also applied in other regions such as the US, Canada, China and South Africa, however the EPO seems to be the first to grant this scandalous patent. 70% of all commercial soybean cultivated in the US is dependent on 6 varieties—Mandarin,Manchu, Mandarin Ottawa, Richland, AK, Mukda.

　　This narrow genetic base makes the soy cultivation vulnerable to pests and disease. Through the patent on screening soybean diversity, Monsanto plans to monopolies the soy biodiversity in Asia.

　　Asia is home to soybean. What Monsanto calls “exotic” varieties are varieties native to Asia. According to Tommy Carter of USDA,”Chinese farmers domesticated soybeans from 30 to 50 centuries ago. If we could understand how those ancient Chinese farmers did it, we could use similar techniques to get better research results from wild Asian varieties”

　　http://cornandsoybeandigest.com/soybeans/genetic-diversity-offers-new-take-old-bean

　　The soybean biopiracy follows an earlier case of Biopiracy of Indian wheat which the Research Foundation for Science Technology and Ecology had challenged in the European office with other groups. The Biopiracy patent on wheat was withdrawn. This patent on the Biopiracy of Soybean also needs to be withdrawn.

　　Monsanto and the other 4 gene giants have taken more than 1,500 patents on climate resilient traits in crops( Biopiracy of Climate resilient crops, Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology) The Indian patent office rejected a Monsanto patent on climate resilient crops.

　　It is time for the EPO to follow India’s examples and stop granting patents for Biopiracy.

　　It is time for the US government to stop issuing trade threats to India for ensuring that patents are not given for Biopiracy and frivolous and trivial modifications .

　　It is time for the International Community to complete the incomplete review of the Monsanto Protection clause in the TRIPs agreement of WTO. Most countries have called for an end to patents on life , and an end to Biopiracy.

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