黃大昉以“5 -10米的間隔距離,轉(zhuǎn)基因飄移的概率就會(huì)降至十萬(wàn)分之一至百萬(wàn)分之一,幾乎可以忽略不計(jì)”欺騙誤導(dǎo)全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)的事實(shí)
環(huán)境安全性評(píng)價(jià)主要包括遺傳穩(wěn)定性、生存競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力、生態(tài)環(huán)境和生物多樣性。特別是通過(guò)花粉擴(kuò)散、基因飄移等試驗(yàn)判斷其對(duì)野生稻資源是否有不良作用;通過(guò)對(duì)稻田其它害蟲(chóng)、天敵、益蟲(chóng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)昆蟲(chóng)的評(píng)價(jià)觀察其對(duì)生物多樣性的影響。例如,考慮到我國(guó)是水稻起源中心之一,環(huán)境安全性評(píng)價(jià)中對(duì)野生稻保護(hù)格外重視。針對(duì)水稻花粉擴(kuò)散和基因飄移問(wèn)題,復(fù)旦大學(xué)、中國(guó)農(nóng)科院多家研究單位進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)達(dá)10年的試驗(yàn),研究范圍涵蓋華東、華南、西南5個(gè)省市,對(duì)數(shù)百萬(wàn)株水稻樣本逐一檢測(cè),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻“基因飄移”的規(guī)律同普通水稻一致;基因飄移概率與不同水稻種植空間的間隔距離相關(guān),會(huì)隨著距離增加而迅速下降:近距離(小于1米)條件下,相鄰的非轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻品種中,只有不到1%的植株出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻的基因片段;如果增加5-10米的間隔距離,轉(zhuǎn)基因飄移的概率就會(huì)降至十萬(wàn)分之一至百萬(wàn)分之一,幾乎可以忽略不計(jì)。最后,作出了“水稻是基因飄移低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)作物”的判斷。有關(guān)結(jié)果已在國(guó)際著名生態(tài)學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)雜志發(fā)表,獲得廣泛好評(píng)。
黃大昉2010年6月25日欺騙誤導(dǎo)全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)欺吹噓“抗蟲(chóng)棉的研究開(kāi)發(fā)是我國(guó)獨(dú)立發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)基因育種,搶占國(guó)際生物技術(shù)制高點(diǎn)的范例”!
《倒了、倒了,黃大昉向人大常委會(huì)吹噓的轉(zhuǎn)基因棉也倒了!》揭露:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dtu7.html
中國(guó)環(huán)保部必須盡快組織環(huán)境與生態(tài)保護(hù)科學(xué)家對(duì)中國(guó)1997年以來(lái)多年大規(guī)模商業(yè)化種植Bt轉(zhuǎn)基因棉、、轉(zhuǎn)基因先玉335玉米(以及試驗(yàn)性種植的轉(zhuǎn)基因Bt稻米等)對(duì)于中國(guó)野生作物與非轉(zhuǎn)基因傳統(tǒng)作物造成轉(zhuǎn)基因污染的范圍開(kāi)展全國(guó)范圍調(diào)查研究
墨西哥六位科學(xué)家長(zhǎng)期、廣泛、深入、負(fù)責(zé)任的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):種植轉(zhuǎn)基因棉僅僅十五年,棉花基因與轉(zhuǎn)基因通過(guò)種子與花粉散布可以在數(shù)千公里距離種群間遷移,導(dǎo)致墨西哥的野生棉被轉(zhuǎn)基因材料污染,對(duì)生物多樣性造成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
中國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)基因“專(zhuān)家”開(kāi)發(fā)的轉(zhuǎn)基因Bt棉品種就那么神乎其神,真的像黃大昉“大仙”吹噓的那樣,在“5-10米的間隔距離,轉(zhuǎn)基因飄移的概率就會(huì)降至十萬(wàn)分之一至百萬(wàn)分之一,幾乎可以忽略不計(jì)”?
沒(méi)有任何理由認(rèn)為中國(guó)1997年以來(lái)多年大規(guī)模商業(yè)化種植Bt轉(zhuǎn)基因棉、轉(zhuǎn)基因先玉335玉米(以及試驗(yàn)性種植的轉(zhuǎn)基因Bt稻米等)對(duì)于中國(guó)野生作物與非轉(zhuǎn)基因傳統(tǒng)作物造成轉(zhuǎn)基因污染的情況與墨西哥有任何不同,大力支持“轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)”的高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)卻被黃大仙們一直蒙在鼓里、一無(wú)所知,繼續(xù)被忽悠與誤導(dǎo)!
中國(guó)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)必須盡快認(rèn)清“轉(zhuǎn)基因作物、轉(zhuǎn)基因食品對(duì)消費(fèi)者與環(huán)境,只有風(fēng)險(xiǎn),絕對(duì)沒(méi)有任何益處”!
Transgenic Cotton Harbours Hidden Dangers
墨西哥:轉(zhuǎn)基因棉藏匿隱藏著的危險(xiǎn)
轉(zhuǎn)載自:http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=105542
翻譯與轉(zhuǎn)載者:陳一文([email protected])
(80年代兩屆全國(guó)青聯(lián)委員)
《新浪網(wǎng)》“陳一文顧問(wèn)博客”轉(zhuǎn)載:http://blog.sina.com.cn/cheniwan
《陳一文顧問(wèn)網(wǎng)站》:http://sea3000.net/cheniwan
Author: Emilio Godoy,Mexico
原文作者:(墨西哥)艾米麗奧·格多伊
IPS, Oct 20 2011
IPS網(wǎng)站發(fā)表于2011年10月20日
(Note: IPS (Inter Press Service News Agency)is an international communication institution with a global news agency at its core, raising the voices of the South and civil society on issues of development, globalization, human rights and the environment.)
(注:IPS(社間新聞服務(wù)社)是一家全球新聞社為核心的國(guó)際通訊機(jī)構(gòu),提高發(fā)展中國(guó)家與民全社會(huì)在發(fā)展、全球化、人權(quán)與環(huán)境問(wèn)題上的聲音。)
MEXICO CITY - Wild cotton in Mexico has been contaminated with genetically modified material, posing a risk to biodiversity, experts say.
墨西哥城消息 – 墨西哥的野生棉被轉(zhuǎn)基因材料污染,對(duì)生物多樣性造成風(fēng)險(xiǎn),專(zhuān)家說(shuō)。
This worrying conclusion was reached by six scientists at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) in a research study published this month in Molecular Ecology, an international journal.
墨西哥國(guó)家自治大學(xué)(National Autonomous University of Mexico - UNAM)與生物知識(shí)與使用國(guó)家委員會(huì)(National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity - CONABIO)的六位科學(xué)家,在國(guó)際刊物《分子生態(tài)學(xué)》本月發(fā)表的研究論文獲得該項(xiàng)令人擔(dān)心結(jié)論。
In their article "Recent long-distance transgene flow into wild populations conforms to historical patterns of gene flow in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at its centre of origin", the experts showed that cotton genes and transgenes can be transferred between populations thousands of kilometres apart by seed dispersal.
在他們的論文《最近的長(zhǎng)距離轉(zhuǎn)基因流入野生種群與棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)原生態(tài)中心基因的歷史性流動(dòng)類(lèi)型一致》中,這些專(zhuān)家表明棉花基因與轉(zhuǎn)基因通過(guò)種子散布可以在數(shù)千公里距離種群間遷移。
They also found that varieties of Mexican wild cotton that harbour transgenes (genes from one species introduced artificially into another) undergo rapid evolution, with unpredictable consequences.
他們還發(fā)現(xiàn),藏匿轉(zhuǎn)基因(從一種品種人為引入另一種的基因)的墨西哥野生棉的某些品種發(fā)生快速進(jìn)化,產(chǎn)生不可預(yù)料的后果。
"The genetic diversity of wild populations is very high, and that of cultivated cotton is very low. Gene flow can reduce the differentiation between populations, but we have no idea what impact that might have," the head of the research project, Ana Wegier of UNAM's Ecology Institute and the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP) told IPS.
“野生種群的基因多樣性很高,人工種植棉花的基因多樣性很低。基因流可以減少不同種群之間的差異,但是我們絲毫不了解可能發(fā)生的影響如何,”該研究項(xiàng)目的負(fù)責(zé)人安娜·維吉爾(Ana Wegier)這樣說(shuō)。她在墨西哥國(guó)家自治大學(xué)(National Autonomous University of Mexico - UNAM)的生態(tài)學(xué)院以及國(guó)家森林、農(nóng)業(yè)與家畜研究研究所任職。
"What we are seeing is the effect on biodiversity of 15 years of growing transgenic crops under permits," she said.
“我們所看到的,是在許可證下種植轉(zhuǎn)基因作物十五年的生物多樣性影響,”她說(shuō)。
In order to boost cotton cultivation, in decline because of the collapse of international prices and the growing dominance of synthetic fibres, in 1996 the Mexican government authorised experimental planting of genetically modified cotton, without paying heed to studies of its biological interactions in the country.
前些年,國(guó)際價(jià)格與人造纖維不斷加強(qiáng)的支配地位造成的棉花種植下滑,為了加大棉花種植,墨西哥政府1996年授權(quán)試驗(yàn)性種植轉(zhuǎn)基因棉,但是沒(méi)有聽(tīng)從對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)基因棉在國(guó)內(nèi)可能造成什么生物相互作用進(jìn)行研究的提醒。
Since 2009, transgenic cotton has been grown on a commercial scale on an area of over 100,000 hectares, producing harvests of 500,000 tonnes, according to the Mexican agriculture ministry.
根據(jù)墨西哥農(nóng)業(yè)部的資料,2009年以來(lái),轉(zhuǎn)基因棉商業(yè)化種植規(guī)模100,000公頃,棉花產(chǎn)量達(dá)到500,000噸。
Cottonseed is used mainly for oil and meal for animal feed, and transport of animal feed products might explain how transgenic seeds arrived in wild cotton populations.
棉籽主要用于榨油與加工動(dòng)物飼料,動(dòng)物飼料運(yùn)輸可能解釋轉(zhuǎn)基因種子怎么會(huì)到達(dá)野生棉種群。
The six authors collected 336 plants from 36 populations between 2002 and 2008. They also analysed seeds from three Mexican locations, the U.S. states of Texas and Virginia, and from Argentina, Brazil, India and Egypt. Of the 270 samples analysed, 66 were positive for transgenes.
六位作者在2002年與2008年收集了來(lái)自36個(gè)種群的336株作物。他們還對(duì)墨西哥三個(gè)地方、美國(guó)特克薩斯州與維吉尼亞州、阿根廷、巴西、印度與埃及的棉花種子進(jìn)行了分析。在所分析的總共270個(gè)樣品中,66個(gè)確切為轉(zhuǎn)基因。
The scientists found that 1.4 percent of 5,985 permits to plant genetically modified cotton issued by the Mexican authorities between 1996 and the beginning of 2008 fell within the area of distribution of two wild cotton metapopulations, as collections of interacting populations of the same species are called.
這些科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),墨西哥政府部門(mén)1996年到2008年初頒發(fā)的5,985個(gè)許可證中僅1.4%批準(zhǔn)在兩個(gè)“野生棉集中種群”(metapopulations)分布區(qū)域中種植。相同品種集中分布的相互作用野生棉種群稱(chēng)為“野生棉集中種群”。
A further 4.2 percent of the authorised transgenic crops were within a 300-km radius from three metapopulations. The remaining 94.4 percent were over 300 km away from all wild cotton metapopulations.
還有4.2%批準(zhǔn)種植的轉(zhuǎn)基因棉距離三個(gè)“野生棉集中種群”300公里半徑范圍內(nèi)。其余94.4%在所有“野生棉集中種群”300公里以外。
As has already happened with native maize, contamination of wild strains could occur with other transgenic crops, which are slowly spreading in this Latin American country.
如同對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)赜衩滓呀?jīng)發(fā)生的那樣,其他轉(zhuǎn)基因作物可能污染野生株,在這個(gè)拉丁美洲國(guó)家里緩慢傳開(kāi)。
This concern is shared by 16,000 beekeepers in the southeastern state of Yucatán, where U.S. agribusiness giant Monsanto has a pilot plantation of genetically modified soy covering 30,000 hectares.
墨西哥南部Yucatán州的16,000家養(yǎng)蜂戶對(duì)此有同樣的擔(dān)心,因?yàn)槊绹?guó)農(nóng)業(yè)巨頭孟山都在此建立了一個(gè)占地30,000公頃轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)。
Monsanto's soy has been genetically modified to confer resistance to an herbicide, glyphosate, which is sprayed on the crop to kill off non-resistant weeds.
孟山都的轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆抗草甘膦除草劑,在作物上噴灑殺死對(duì)草甘膦不具有抗性的野草。
"In the soyfields, the bees turn very aggressive and instead of returning to the hive, they die on the way back, as the glyphosate applied to the crops damages their intestines," the local coordinator of the National Union of Autonomous Regional Campesino Organisations, Pablo Duarte, told IPS.
“在轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆田中,蜜蜂變得富有侵略性,牠們不是返回蜂箱,而在返回途中死去,噴灑在作物上的草甘膦損壞了牠們的腸子,”自治區(qū)農(nóng)夫組織全國(guó)聯(lián)合會(huì)(National Union of Autonomous Regional Campesino Organisations)當(dāng)?shù)貐f(xié)調(diào)員帕布羅·杜瓦特(Pablo Duarte),告訴IPS(社間新聞服務(wù)社)。
"Our fear is that not only will the bees die, but we will not be able to sell our honey," he said.
“我們不僅怕蜜蜂死去,而且我們將無(wú)法賣(mài)出我們的蜂蜜,”他說(shuō)。
In Mexico, some 45,000 beekeepers collect approximately 56,000 tons of honey a year. Their main market is the European Union, followed by the United States and Canada.
在墨西哥,大約45,000養(yǎng)蜂戶每年收集56,000噸蜂蜜。他們的主要市場(chǎng)是歐盟,而后為美國(guó)與加拿大。
But the EU Court of Justice has already banned the sale of honey containing pollen contaminated by unauthorised transgenes.
但是,歐盟法院已經(jīng)禁止銷(xiāo)售包含非授權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)基因污染的花粉的蜂蜜。
The first plots of genetically modified soy were evaluated in 2008. Currently 60,000 hectares of Mexican soil are producing transgenic soy.
2008年對(duì)首次種植的轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆進(jìn)行評(píng)估。目前,在墨西哥總共種植60,000公頃轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆。
The government received 110 applications to grow transgenic maize on an experimental basis, and 11 applications since 2009 for pilot-scale projects, the stage before commercial cultivation. The agriculture ministry authorised 67 experimental fields covering 70 hectares in the north of the country, and at least 12 experimental transgenic wheat fields.
墨西哥收到在試驗(yàn)性基礎(chǔ)上種植轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米的110項(xiàng)申請(qǐng),2009年開(kāi)始商業(yè)化種植后受到11項(xiàng)申請(qǐng)。墨西哥農(nóng)業(yè)部授權(quán)北部總共70公頃的67個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米試驗(yàn)田,以及至少12個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)基因小麥試驗(yàn)田。
The 2005 Biosecurity Law for Genetically Modified Organisms states that the centres of origin of seeds must be defined before any permission can be given for transgenic crops.
2005年頒布的《轉(zhuǎn)基因生物生物安全法》(Biosecurity Law for Genetically Modified Organisms)規(guī)定,頒發(fā)任何轉(zhuǎn)基因作物種植許可前必須確定種子的原生態(tài)中心(centres of origin of seeds)。
The environmental watchdog Greenpeace reported the presence of transgenic maize in six out of Mexico's 32 states, as well as imports of genetically modified seeds of this staple food, which is profoundly symbolic in Mesoamerican cultures from central Mexico to Costa Rica.
環(huán)境監(jiān)督組織綠色和平報(bào)告,在墨西哥32個(gè)州中6個(gè)州發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米種植,還發(fā)現(xiàn)有轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米種子的進(jìn)口。玉米是中墨西哥到哥斯達(dá)黎加中美洲文化重要的主糧。
"Each case needs to be analysed separately, to the highest scientific standards," said Wegier, who is also a member of the Union of Socially Committed Scientists (UCCS) and is currently working on the genetics of avocados and green tomatoes.
“每一項(xiàng)事例必須以最高的科學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別分析,”維吉爾(Wegier)說(shuō),他也是“社會(huì)忠誠(chéng)科學(xué)家聯(lián)合會(huì)”(Union of Socially Committed Scientists - UCCS) 的成員,目前從事鱷梨與綠番茄基因研究。
"So far, decisions have been made without the benefit of scientific research done in Mexico, but now we have the opportunity to take decisions based on the precautionary principle (that activities that present an uncertain potential for significant harm should be avoided until they are proved to be harmless)," said the head of research.
“到目前為止,在不考慮墨西哥進(jìn)行的科學(xué)研究情況下做出決定,但是現(xiàn)在我們有機(jī)會(huì)在預(yù)先警戒原則基礎(chǔ)上做決定(即,存在不確定嚴(yán)重風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的活動(dòng)應(yīng)當(dāng)避免,直到它們被證明無(wú)害),”該項(xiàng)研究的負(fù)責(zé)人說(shuō)。
Although seed migration out of fields of genetically modified crops may be low, the study warns that once a single or a few transgenic individuals are dispersed into particular wild populations, they produce pollen that may fertilise local wild plants.
盡管轉(zhuǎn)基因作物種籽逃逸出農(nóng)田的可能性較低,該項(xiàng)研究警告,一旦一個(gè)或很少轉(zhuǎn)基因提傳播入野生種群中,它們產(chǎn)生的花粉可能使當(dāng)?shù)匾吧魑锸芫?/p>
"Since transgenes are inserted within the nuclear genome, they can be dispersed both via pollen or seed," the document says.
“由于轉(zhuǎn)基因插入到和基因組中,它們可以通過(guò)花粉或者種子傳播開(kāi)來(lái),”論文說(shuō)。
Genetically modified organisms "are going to contaminate all the varieties we have, and then we will have to depend on seeds from the big companies," Duarte warned.
轉(zhuǎn)基因生物體“將污染我們擁有的所有品種,那時(shí)我們將被迫依賴(lài)與大公司供應(yīng)的種子,”杜瓦特(Duarte)警告。
"If we lose our native seeds, we won't have seeds to plant. That's why we are asking the government to stop the sowing of transgenic maize and soy," he said. (END)
“如果我們喪失了我們本國(guó)本地的種子,我們將失去用于種植的種子。這就是為什么我們要求我們的政府停止種植轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米與轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆,”他說(shuō)。
附錄:
Recent long-distance transgene flow into wild populations conforms to historical patterns of gene flow in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at its centre of origin
最近的長(zhǎng)距離轉(zhuǎn)基因流入野生種群與棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)原生態(tài)中心基因的歷史性流動(dòng)類(lèi)型一致
作者:A. WEGIER1,2, A. PIÑEYRO-NELSON1,2, J. ALARCÓN3, A. GÁLVEZ-MARISCAL4, E. R. ÁLVAREZ-BUYLLA1,2, D. PIÑERO1
作者單位:
1. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-725, CP 04510, México DF, México
2. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Progreso 5, Coyoacán, 04010, México DF, México
3. Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-725, CP 04510, México DF, México
4. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Liga Periférico-Insurgentes Sur 4903, Parques del Pedregal, Tlalpan 14010, México DF, México
*Correspondence: Ana Wegier, Fax: (+52 55) 36 26 87 00 Ext. 104E-mail: [email protected]
通訊作者:Ana Wegier, Fax: (+52 55) 36 26 87 00 Ext. 104E-mail: [email protected]
Publish: Molecular Ecology, Volume 20, Issue 19, pages 4182–4194, October 2011
出版:分子生態(tài)學(xué),第20卷,19期
Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum; long distance gene flow; metapopulations; Mexico; transgene flow
關(guān)鍵詞:Gossypium hirsutum棉;長(zhǎng)距離基因流動(dòng);集合種群;墨西哥;轉(zhuǎn)基因流動(dòng)。
Abstract
摘要:
Over 95% of the currently cultivated cotton was domesticated from Gossypium hirsutum, which originated and diversified in Mexico. Demographic and genetic studies of this species at its centre of origin and diversification are lacking, although they are critical for cotton conservation and breeding. We investigated the actual and potential distribution of wild cotton populations, as well as the contribution of historical and recent gene flow in shaping cotton genetic diversity and structure. We evaluated historical gene flow using chloroplast microsatellites and recent gene flow through the assessment of transgene presence in wild cotton populations, exploiting the fact that genetically modified cotton has been planted in the North of Mexico since 1996. Assessment of geographic structure through Bayesian spatial analysis, BAPS and Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP), suggests that G. hirsutum seems to conform to a metapopulation scheme, with eight distinct metapopulations. Despite evidence for long-distance gene flow, genetic variation among the metapopulations of G. hirsutum is high (He
目前耕種的棉花超過(guò)95%培育自Gossypium hirsutum棉(G. hirsutum棉),起源于墨西哥逐步多樣化。缺乏對(duì)于這種棉花品種在其發(fā)源地及其多樣化的時(shí)空分布統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)與基因研究,盡管它們對(duì)棉花品種保護(hù)與栽培具有關(guān)鍵性意義。我們對(duì)野生棉種群的實(shí)際分布與潛在分布進(jìn)行了調(diào)查研究,同時(shí)對(duì)歷史性基因流動(dòng)與近期基因流動(dòng)對(duì)棉花基因多樣性與構(gòu)造狀態(tài)的形成進(jìn)行了調(diào)查研究。我們利用葉綠體微型衛(wèi)星對(duì)歷史性的基因流動(dòng)進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),同時(shí)通過(guò)評(píng)估野生棉群中存在的轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)诘幕蛄鲃?dòng)進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),充分利用了轉(zhuǎn)基因棉自1996年在墨西哥北部開(kāi)始種植的事實(shí)。通過(guò)貝葉斯定理空間分析進(jìn)行地理學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)評(píng)估,BAPS與基因遺傳算法用于定規(guī)生產(chǎn)(GARP),提議G. hirsutum棉看來(lái)符合于具有八個(gè)完全分開(kāi)的一種集合種群計(jì)劃。盡管有長(zhǎng)距離基因流動(dòng)的證據(jù),不同的G. hirsutum棉集合種群的基因差別較高(He
(譯者注:歡迎專(zhuān)業(yè)人士對(duì)于筆者譯文的準(zhǔn)確性與專(zhuān)業(yè)性予以指正。)
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