薩格博士在他的新書中揭示：英國王室早已因喜愛豪華宴會和豐富食譜而聞名，但較少為人知的是，英國王室可能在18世紀(jì)末吞食部分人體。作者表示，這種將同類相食作為治療手段的做法并不僅僅局限在王室內(nèi)部，這種做法在歐洲富裕階層十分普遍。據(jù)醫(yī)生薩格所說，女王瑪麗二世和她的叔叔國王查理二世分別在 1698年和1685年服用過蒸餾過的人類頭骨。
極具諷刺意味的是，他們在譴責(zé)新世界的野蠻食人族的同時，依然吞食、喝、或涂抹埃及木乃伊的粉末、人體脂肪、肉、骨、血、腦和皮膚。據(jù)達勒姆大學(xué)的理查德薩格博士所言，英國王室用死亡士兵頭骨上的苔蘚治療流鼻血。薩格醫(yī)生表示：“人類的身體早已被廣泛用于醫(yī)學(xué)治療，其中最流行的是肉、骨和血。”新世界的野蠻部落吃人，在歐洲同樣如此。
學(xué)校從未教導(dǎo)過我們這一點，但是該時期的文學(xué)和歷史文獻證明了這樣一件事情：詹姆斯一世拒絕尸體藥品，查爾斯二世制作了自己的尸體藥品；查爾斯一世被做成了尸體藥品。緊隨查爾斯二世的則是一些杰出的食人推崇者，其中包括弗朗西斯一世、伊麗莎白一世的外科醫(yī)生約翰·班尼斯特、伊麗莎白·格雷、肯特伯爵、羅伯特貝爾、托馬斯威利斯、威廉三世和瑪麗。
正如1557年漢斯·斯登塔在《新世界：巴西野蠻的食人部落》中所描述的那樣，無論真假與否，大家都忽視了一點，那就是歐洲人同樣也吃人肉。薩格醫(yī)生論證，薩格醫(yī)生的新書提出了幾個重要的社會問題。他說：“藥用食人對歐洲的科學(xué)、出版、貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)和教育理論起到了振聾發(fā)聵的巨大抨擊作用。雖然在中世紀(jì)尸體有時可以作為一種治療手段，它在英國現(xiàn)代社會和科學(xué)革命的早期曾發(fā)揮了重要的作用。直至進入18世紀(jì)，它在窮人階層一直被保存至維多利亞女王時期。除了一些難以啟齒的吃人問題，當(dāng)時的肉體來源也非常不道德。在藥用食人的鼎盛時期，人體經(jīng)常來自于埃及和歐洲的墓地。不僅如此，十八世紀(jì)英國從愛爾蘭進口的最多的商品之一就是人類頭骨。很難說，這種情況是否要比現(xiàn)代人體器官黑市更為糟糕?！薄 ?
這幅畫描述的是查爾斯一世在1649年行刑時的情況。從這幅畫可以看出，人們爭相涌上前去，搶奪國王的鮮血，因為人們認(rèn)為它有治療作用。薩格醫(yī)生的新書提供了大量生動并且令人不安的例子，從德國和斯堪的納維亞的絞刑臺，意大利、法國和英國的法庭和實驗室，荷蘭和愛爾蘭的戰(zhàn)場至新世界的食人部落。上面這幅畫就顯示了查爾斯在1649年執(zhí)行死刑時人們瘋狂地用手帕蘸染國王的鮮血。薩格博士表示：“這些鮮血是用來治療國王的邪惡的。這種評論一般是由幸存的君主所言。過去，在歐洲大陸，被砍頭罪犯的血液是許多癲癇患者的首選藥物。在丹麥，年輕的安徒生看到許多父母讓他們的病兒喝從絞刑架下流淌的鮮血;。因此，當(dāng)罪犯被執(zhí)刑死刑時，旁邊通常會有一些人負(fù)責(zé)用杯子接住從罪犯脖子處飛濺出來的鮮血。有時，病人可能采取更為快捷的方式。在十六世紀(jì)的德國，一個流浪漢抓住了已被砍頭的罪犯身體，直接從他的砍頭處喝了鮮血。德國這種做法的最后記錄時間是1865年。”雖然詹姆斯一世拒絕服用人類頭骨，但是他的孫子查爾斯二世卻十分喜歡這個主意，并且他買了許多相關(guān)的食譜。在為此支付了6000英鎊之后，他經(jīng)常在他的私人實驗室蒸餾人類頭骨。薩格博士說：“這種液體被用來治療癲癇和一些腦部疾病，并且常常作為臨終搶救的一種方式?！痹?685年2月2日，即在查爾斯患上絕癥的最初階段，他同意將它作為一種治療手段，不僅在他臨終前得以使用，還在1698年女王瑪麗的臨終前也有所使用。
薩格博士的研究將會在第4頻道即將播出的紀(jì)錄片中有所展示，他與托尼·羅賓遜用豬腦、血液重建了古老恐怖的藥用食人過程。薩格醫(yī)生的新書名稱是《木乃伊、食人族和吸血鬼》，它將于6月29日由著名出版社Routledge出版，重新展現(xiàn)從歐洲文藝復(fù)興時期至維多利亞時代這段幾乎被遺忘的藥用食人史。
British royalty dined on human flesh (but don't worry it was 300 years ago)
By Fiona Macrae
Last updated at 12:58 AM on 21st May 2011
They have long been famed for their love of lavish banquets and rich recipes. But what is less well known is that the British royals also had a taste for human flesh.
A new book on medicinal cannibalism has revealed that possibly as recently as the end of the 18th century British royalty swallowed parts of the human body.
The author adds that this was not a practice reserved for monarchs but was widespread among the well-to-do in Europe.
Medicinal cannibalism: Both Queen Mary II and her uncle King Charles II both took distilled human skull on their deathbeds in 1698 and 1685 respectively, according to Dr Sugg
Even as they denounced the barbaric cannibals of the New World, they applied, drank, or wore powdered Egyptian mummy, human fat, flesh, bone, blood, brains and skin.
Moss taken from the skulls of dead soldiers was even used as a cure for nosebleeds, according to Dr Richard Sugg at Durham University.
Dr Sugg said: 'The human body has been widely used as a therapeutic agent with the most popular treatments involving flesh, bone or blood.
'Cannibalism was found not only in the New World, as often believed, but also in Europe.
'One thing we are rarely taught at school yet is evidenced in literary and historic texts of the time is this: James I refused corpse medicine; Charles II made his own corpse medicine; and Charles I was made into corpse medicine.
'Along with Charles II, eminent users or prescribers included Francis I, Elizabeth I's surgeon John Banister, Elizabeth Grey, Countess of Kent, Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis, William III, and Queen Mary.'
New world: Depiction of cannibalism in the Brazilian Tupinambá tribe as described by Hans Staden in 1557. Whether true or not, the myth ignored the fact that Europeans consumed human flesh
The history of medicinal cannibalism, Dr Sugg argues, raised a number of important social questions.
He said: 'Medicinal cannibalism used the formidable weight of European science, publishing, trade networks and educated theory.
'Whilst corpse medicine has sometimes been presented as a medieval therapy, it was at its height during the social and scientific revolutions of early-modern Britain.
'It survived well into the 18th century, and amongst the poor it lingered stubbornly on into the time of Queen Victoria.
'Quite apart from the question of cannibalism, the sourcing of body parts now looks highly unethical to us.
'In the heyday of medicinal cannibalism bodies or bones were routinely taken from Egyptian tombs and European graveyards. Not only that, but some way into the eighteenth century one of the biggest imports from Ireland into Britain was human skulls.
'Whether or not all this was worse than the modern black market in human organs is difficult to say.'
This painting of Charles I's execution in 1649 shows people surging forward to mop up the former king's blood. It was thought to have healing properties
The book gives numerous vivid, often disturbing examples of the practice, ranging from the execution scaffolds of Germany and Scandinavia, through the courts and laboratories of Italy, France and Britain, to the battlefields of Holland and Ireland and on to the tribal man-eating of the Americas.
A painting showing the 1649 execution of Charles I showed people mopping up the king's blood with handkerchiefs.
Dr Sugg said: 'This was used to treat the "king's evil" - a complaint more usually cured by the touch of living monarchs.
'Over in continental Europe, where the axe fell routinely on the necks of criminals, blood was the medicine of choice for many epileptics.
'In Denmark the young Hans Christian Andersen saw parents getting their sick child to drink blood at the scaffold. So popular was this treatment that hangmen routinely had their assistants catch the blood in cups as it spurted from the necks of dying felons.
'Occasionally a patient might shortcut this system. At one early sixteenth-century execution in Germany, 'a vagrant grabbed the beheaded body "before it had fallen, and drank the blood from him..".'
The last recorded instance of this practice in Germany fell in 1865.
History: Author Dr Richard Sugg, from Durham University, delves into the dark world of medicinal cannibalism in his new book Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires
Whilst James I had refused to take human skull, his grandson Charles II liked the idea so much that he bought the recipe. Having paid perhaps £6,000 for this, he often distilled human skull himself in his private laboratory.
Dr Sugg said: 'Accordingly known before long as "the King's Drops", this fluid remedy was used against epilepsy, convulsions, diseases of the head, and often as an emergency treatment for the dying.
'It was the very first thing which Charles reached for on February 2 1685, at the start of his last illness, and was administered not only on his deathbed, but on that of Queen Mary in 1698.'
Dr Sugg's research will be featured in a forthcoming Channel 4 documentary with Tony Robinson in which they reconstruct versions of older cannibalistic medicines with the help of pigs' brains, blood and skull.
The book, called Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, will be published on June 29 by Routledge and charts the largely forgotten history of European corpse medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians.
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